By AOK Water Services, LLC | Largo, Florida
BLUF
Residents in Polk, Pasco, Manatee, Pinellas, and Hillsborough counties may be unknowingly exposed to PFAS “forever chemicals” through their municipal or well water. While not detected in standard water reports, recent testing has revealed concerning levels in several towns, including Tampa, Winter Haven, Temple Terrace, Zephyrhills, and New Port Richey. These toxins, linked to serious health risks like cancer and endocrine disruption, often originate from industrial sites and military bases. Immediate testing is critical for well water users and families living near known industrial areas, with NSF-certified whole-home filtration systems offering an effective solution to ensure safe, clean water at the tap.
PFAS Forever Chemicals in Florida Water: Your County-by-County Guide
Executive Summary
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), widely recognized as “forever chemicals,” constitute a family of synthetic compounds notable for their exceptional persistence within environmental and biological systems. These chemicals, originating from extensive industrial and consumer applications since the 1940s, have permeated water sources across the United States. This includes both municipal and private well water supplies in Polk, Pasco, Manatee, Pinellas, and Hillsborough counties in Florida.
The long-term exposure to even minute concentrations of PFAS has been linked to a spectrum of serious health consequences, encompassing various cancers (including kidney, testicular, and thyroid), compromised immune function, reproductive and developmental complications, and endocrine disruption. A significant challenge in addressing this issue is that conventional water quality reports typically do not detect these complex compounds, necessitating specialized analytical testing and advanced filtration technologies for accurate assessment and effective removal. Given the potential for prolonged, unwitting exposure, particularly for residents residing near industrial runoff zones or those who rely on private wells, immediate water testing and the implementation of certified mitigation strategies are critically important for safeguarding public health.
1. Introduction: The Pervasive Threat of “Forever Chemicals”
What are PFAS? Definition, Properties, and Common Uses
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) represent a diverse and extensive group of synthetic organofluorine compounds. Their defining characteristic is a robust carbon-fluorine bond, which imparts unique properties such as remarkable resistance to heat, water, and oil. This chemical stability has made them highly desirable for a myriad of industrial and consumer applications.
Among the thousands of individual PFAS chemicals, Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS), and GenX chemicals are some of the most extensively studied and frequently detected members. Their widespread industrial production commenced in the 1940s, leading to their integration into countless everyday products. These include non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics (such as carpets and upholstery), various food packaging materials, cosmetics, and, notably, aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) historically used in firefighting.
Why are they called “forever chemicals”? Persistence in the Environment and Human Body
The colloquial term “forever chemicals” accurately reflects the environmental and biological fate of PFAS. This moniker arises from the extraordinary stability of their carbon-fluorine bond, which renders these compounds exceptionally resistant to natural degradation processes. Unlike many other pollutants that eventually break down, PFAS persist in the environment for exceptionally long periods, often centuries, and similarly resist breakdown within the human body.
This inherent persistence leads to their bioaccumulation, meaning they build up over time in human tissues and organs, particularly the kidneys and liver. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has reported that the majority of the U.S. population has detectable levels of PFAS in their blood, primarily due to cumulative exposure through contaminated drinking water, food, and air. The pervasive presence of these chemicals in the human bloodstream signifies a fundamental shift in environmental health challenges. This is not merely a localized contamination issue but a systemic problem of pervasive human exposure. The enduring nature of these chemicals implies that even a complete cessation of their production and use would not immediately alleviate the environmental and human health burden, which is projected to persist for generations. This reality underscores the critical importance of a precautionary principle in future chemical regulation to prevent the recurrence of such widespread and persistent contamination.
Overview of PFAS Contamination Pathways
The widespread distribution of PFAS in the environment is a direct consequence of their diverse applications and their inherent mobility. Primary contamination routes include the direct discharge of chemical waste from manufacturing facilities and various industrial processes into water supplies. These industrial sources have contributed significantly to the initial burden of these compounds in aquatic environments.
A particularly significant source of PFAS contamination is the historical and ongoing use of PFAS-containing firefighting foams, known as Aqueous Film-Forming Foams (AFFF). These foams were widely employed at military bases, airports, and fire training academies due to their effectiveness in extinguishing petroleum-based fires. Over time, these chemicals leach from training grounds and accident sites into groundwater and surface water, creating persistent plumes of contamination.
Beyond industrial and specialized applications, PFAS can also migrate from consumer products once they are disposed of in landfills. Furthermore, municipal wastewater treatment plants, which are typically not designed with the specific technologies required to remove these complex chemicals, can inadvertently release PFAS into the environment through their treated effluent. Stormwater runoff from urban and industrial areas further exacerbates the problem, as it can transport PFAS-containing materials from roads and other impervious surfaces into water reservoirs. An emerging and concerning pathway is the application of PFAS-contaminated sewage sludge, or biosolids, as agricultural fertilizer. This practice can lead to the contamination of food crops and animal feed, and subsequently, the chemicals can leach into soil and water sources, creating a direct pathway for human and animal exposure.
The extensive timeline between the introduction of PFAS in the 1940s and the recent finalization of federal drinking water standards in April 2024, with compliance not mandated until 2031, highlights a substantial regulatory delay. This prolonged period of regulatory inaction allowed for decades of unchecked PFAS release into the environment, directly contributing to the current widespread contamination. This delay has, in turn, created an immense and costly public health and environmental crisis, where the financial burden of remediation now largely falls upon public utilities and, by extension, ratepayers. This situation underscores a critical historical oversight in chemical regulation, where the long-term environmental and health consequences of persistent compounds were not adequately addressed promptly.
2. PFAS Contamination Landscape in Florida’s Central Gulf Coast
General Context of PFAS Detection in Florida’s Water Sources
The issue of PFAS contamination, initially brought to light in communities downstream from chemical manufacturing plants, has evolved into a widespread concern across Florida’s diverse water systems. While comprehensive statewide tracking of PFAS contamination has only been systematically implemented in recent years, existing data indicate a significant presence. There have been at least 121 documented reports of PFAS detections in Florida’s ground and drinking water sources, and it is widely suspected that the actual number of contaminated sites is considerably higher due to historical under-monitoring.
Furthermore, Florida has been identified as one of the states with a high volume of sewage sludge production. When this sludge, which can contain PFAS, is utilized as agricultural fertilizer, it creates a pathway for these chemicals to enter both the food chain and water supplies. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) is actively engaged in ongoing investigations to better understand the prevalence, environmental fate, and potential impacts of PFAS in various media, including soil, groundwater, and surface water, throughout the state. These efforts are crucial for developing targeted remediation strategies and protecting public health.
Municipal vs. Private Well Water Systems and Their Respective Vulnerabilities
The regulatory framework for drinking water in the United States distinguishes significantly between municipal (public) water systems and private wells, leading to disparate levels of protection against PFAS contamination. Public water systems are now subject to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR5), which mandates the collection of data for 29 different PFAS compounds between 2023 and 2025. This monitoring is a critical step towards understanding the national scope of PFAS contamination in public supplies.
Building on this data, new federal enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for six specific PFAS compounds were finalized in April 2024. For instance, the MCL for both PFOA and PFOS is set at 4 parts per trillion (ppt). However, public water systems are not required to achieve full compliance with these new standards until 2031. This extended compliance timeline means that some communities may continue to receive water with PFAS levels exceeding the new health-based standards for several years.
A critical vulnerability exists for the approximately 20% of Floridians who rely on private wells for their drinking water, as these systems are explicitly exempt from federal monitoring and regulatory requirements. While the Florida Department of Health (FDOH) recommends annual testing for basic contaminants like bacteria and nitrate for private well owners, comprehensive PFAS testing is not routinely emphasized or mandated. This regulatory void means that a significant portion of the population may be unknowingly consuming contaminated water without mandated checks or public notification. This situation creates a substantial public health vulnerability for private well users, who bear the sole responsibility for proactively seeking out specialized testing and mitigation solutions. Environmental justice considerations further compound this issue, as low-income and minority communities are often more reliant on private wells and are disproportionately located near industrial pollution sources , thereby increasing their exposure risk and potentially limiting their access to effective solutions. In cases where private wells are found to have PFAS concentrations exceeding EPA’s Health Advisory Levels, the FDEP’s Water Supply Restoration Program may offer alternative water sources.
The financial implications of PFAS contamination and remediation are substantial and contentious. Tampa Bay Water, a major regional water supplier, has received over $21 million from a nationwide class action settlement with chemical manufacturers 3M and DuPont concerning PFAS contamination. This settlement aims to alleviate some of the financial burden associated with addressing PFAS in the regional water supply. However, industry groups have voiced concerns that communities and ratepayers will still be responsible for the “vast majority” of the costs associated with upgrading water infrastructure to treat PFAS. The enduring nature of PFAS, combined with the high costs of advanced treatment technologies, creates an immense and ongoing financial liability. While legal actions aim to hold polluters accountable, the practical reality is that significant financial strain on public utilities and local governments could lead to increased water rates, delays in critical infrastructure improvements, or a reliance on less comprehensive solutions. This ultimately impacts public health and economic equity, as the costs of historical pollution are transferred to current and future generations of water consumers.
3. County-Specific PFAS Contamination Analysis
The presence of PFAS in Florida’s water supplies is a complex issue, with varying levels of detection and identified sources across different counties and their respective towns. While comprehensive, real-time data for all towns is continuously evolving, available information highlights specific areas of concern and ongoing monitoring efforts.
3.1. Polk County: Water Quality and PFAS Concerns
Polk County is a large and diverse area with numerous towns, including Lakeland, Winter Haven, Bartow, Davenport, Lake Wales, Haines City, Auburndale, Lake Alfred, Polk City, Mulberry, and Crooked Lake Park.
Municipal Water Status:
- Lakeland: The City of Lakeland’s 2023 water quality report indicates active monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants, including PFAS. Specific PFAS compounds detected in 2023 included Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) at 0.0021 ppb and Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) at 0.0024 ppb. While the municipal supply generally adheres to federal and state safety standards, the detection of these compounds underscores the ongoing presence of PFAS. Local water service providers in the Lakeland area also acknowledge the frequent detection of PFOA/PFOS, with levels sometimes exceeding health advisory recommendations.
- Winter Haven: The Winter Haven Water Department has reported detections of regulated PFAS, specifically PFOS and PFOA, at or above the new EPA limits. The annual average for these compounds has exceeded the new federal standards, indicating that remedial action may be required to achieve compliance. As of October 2024, there were 11 detections of regulated PFAS out of 108 total tests.
- Bartow: The City of Bartow regularly monitors its drinking water quality. While specific PFAS detections for Bartow’s direct municipal supply are not explicitly detailed in all provided records, Polk County Utilities, which serves areas like “The Pines” and “Central PWS” within the county, detected PFBA (0.0021 ppb) and PFPeA (0.0024 ppb) in 2023 and 2024. The Central PWS, which draws from the Upper Floridan aquifer, underwent a Source Water Assessment in 2024, identifying two potential contamination sources with low to moderate susceptibility.
- General Polk County Utilities: For the most recent quarter assessed by the U.S. EPA (April-June 2024), a Polk County water utility was found to be in “serious violation” of federal health-based drinking water standards. However, these violations were attributed to other contaminants such as Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM), Barium, Bromochloromethane, and Chloromethane, rather than PFAS directly. This indicates a broader set of water quality challenges within the county’s public systems.
Well Water Concerns and Industrial/Brownfield Sites: Polk County’s historical industrial and agricultural landscape presents a significant context for PFAS contamination. The county is home to numerous designated Brownfield Areas, which are properties with actual or perceived environmental contamination. These sites include the “Former Polk County Fertilizer Plant Brownfield Area” and the “Former Vigoro Industries, Inc.” site. The fertilizer industry, historically prominent in Polk County, is directly linked to PFAS contamination through industrial discharges and the widespread practice of using PFAS-contaminated sewage sludge as agricultural fertilizer. The presence of these legacy industrial sites signifies an ongoing threat, as PFAS, being “forever chemicals,” persist and continue to leach into groundwater long after industrial operations have ceased. This necessitates long-term monitoring and targeted remediation efforts for these specific sites, as they represent persistent sources of contamination that can affect both municipal and private well water supplies. Areas with a rich industrial or agricultural history are inherently at higher risk for PFAS contamination due to these historical practices. For private well owners in Polk County, the Florida Department of Health in Polk County (DOH-Polk) can provide guidance and instructions for water quality testing.
3.2. Pasco County: Water Quality and PFAS Concerns
Pasco County encompasses a range of communities, including New Port Richey, Wesley Chapel, Dade City, Land O’ Lakes, Zephyrhills, Hudson, Port Richey, Holiday, Odessa, Trinity, and Pasadena Hills.
Municipal Water Status:
- New Port Richey: Water in the New Port Richey area has “frequently been positive for lead, cysts, and PFOA/PFOS,” with reported levels potentially exceeding recommendations from health advisory organizations. Local water treatment companies in the area offer free water tests to homeowners, acknowledging these concerns.
- Wesley Chapel: While Wesley Chapel’s tap water is considered “legally safe” and meets federal and state standards, residents frequently report aesthetic quality issues such as hard water, discoloration, metallic taste, and staining, often attributed to minerals like iron, manganese, and calcium. Pasco County Utilities actively participates in the EPA’s UCMR5 study, testing both raw and treated water for PFAS compounds. The distinction between “legally safe” and “ideal” water quality is important here; while municipal systems meet regulatory benchmarks, residents may still seek additional filtration for aesthetic reasons or heightened health concerns.
- Zephyrhills: A public supply well in Zephyrhills was found to contain PFOA and PFOS levels exceeding the EPA’s former Health Advisory Level (HAL) of 70 nanograms per liter (ppt). This well was subsequently shut down, and Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF), commonly used in firefighting, was identified as the source of this contamination. This direct attribution of contamination to AFFF reinforces the understanding that firefighting foams are a potent source of PFAS. The immediate shutdown of the affected well and the provision of alternative water sources highlight the severity of this pathway and serve as an important precedent for urgent mitigation responses. The Department of Health (DOH) conducted a well survey and sampled private wells in the area, with DEP providing alternative drinking water sources where needed.
- Port Richey: The City of Port Richey Water Department detected PFOS at 16.9 ppt and PFOA at 4.9 ppt in samples collected in September 2024. These levels exceed the EPA’s new Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 4 ppt for both compounds, although these limits are not legally enforceable until 2029.
- Holiday: The Orangewood Water System in Holiday has reported “alarming levels” of PFAS compounds in its drinking water.
Well Water Concerns: Pasco County Utilities routinely monitors for a wide range of contaminants in its public water systems. While specific comprehensive PFAS data for private wells in Pasco County is not extensively detailed in the provided information, the DEP’s Water Supply Restoration Funding (WSRF) Program actively supports the sampling of private wells in areas with known or suspected contamination. This program is crucial for identifying and addressing private well contamination in the absence of federal mandates.
3.3. Manatee County: Water Quality and PFAS Concerns
Manatee County includes the towns of Bradenton, Palmetto, Holmes Beach, Ellenton, Anna Maria, Bradenton Beach, Cortez, West Bradenton, Bayshore Gardens, South Bradenton, Whitfield, West Samoset, Memphis, and Samoset.
Municipal Water Status: The Manatee County Utilities Department serves a substantial population of approximately 447,382 people. Historical data from between 2012 and 2017 indicated the detection of 21 contaminants above the Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) recommended health guidelines, including arsenic, chromium, radium, and total trihalomethanes. While this older data did not specifically highlight PFAS detections, it points to a broader history of water quality challenges in the county’s public supply. More recent reports from Manatee County affirm a commitment to providing drinking water that meets all safety standards. In 2024, the county reported monitoring for unregulated contaminants, including 29 PFAS analytes, with all results stated to be below minimum reporting levels.
- Bradenton: Municipal water in Bradenton generally meets federal and state safety standards, but the potential for PFAS and other contaminants remains a concern for residents.
- Palmetto: The City of Palmetto purchases its water from Manatee County. The Palmetto Water Department was listed as a “Serious Violator” with four active violations between November 2022 and November 2024, although specific PFAS violations were not detailed in the provided snippets. It is noted that advanced filtration systems can effectively remove PFAS from water. However, the 2024 Palmetto Water Quality Summary Report explicitly states that it does not contain data or information about PFAS.
Well Water Concerns and Specific Contamination Sites:
- Tallevast Area (Manatee County): The community of Tallevast, a historically African American town, has a documented history of severe groundwater contamination stemming from a former beryllium plant. Many residents, who historically relied on private well water, were unknowingly exposed to high levels of chlorinated solvents and dioxane for years. A health monitoring study conducted in 2012 revealed an alarming eight-fold increase in cancer risk for long-term well water users in Tallevast, with overall cancer rates 36% higher compared to African Americans in Florida. While PFAS were not the primary contaminants identified in these specific reports for Tallevast, the situation exemplifies how industrial sites can be significant sources of various chemical contaminants, including PFAS. This case highlights that PFAS contamination is not merely an environmental or public health issue, but also a profound social equity challenge. Vulnerable communities often bear a disproportionate burden of pollution due to historical land use patterns and face greater barriers in accessing information, testing, and effective remediation. This calls for targeted public health interventions, free testing programs, and expedited cleanup efforts in such communities.
- The Manatee Technical College Fire Academy is identified as a fire training facility where the use of AFFF was confirmed or suspected, indicating a potential localized source of PFAS contamination.
- Further environmental monitoring has detected PFOS and PFNA in the plasma of West Indian manatees across various Florida sampling sites, including Crystal River and Brevard County. This finding suggests a broader, widespread environmental presence of PFAS in the regional ecosystem, which can ultimately impact human water sources.
3.4. Pinellas County: Water Quality and PFAS Concerns
Pinellas County is home to numerous cities and towns, including St. Petersburg, Clearwater, Largo, Pinellas Park, Seminole, Dunedin, Tarpon Springs, Safety Harbor, Oldsmar, St. Pete, and Ridgecrest, Bear Creek.
Municipal Water Status: Pinellas County Utilities (PCU) asserts that it provides clean, quality tap water that meets or exceeds all federal and state standards for safe drinking water. PCU customers receive their water supply from Tampa Bay Water, a regional utility serving Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Pasco counties. Tampa Bay Water has been a key player in addressing PFAS contamination, having received over $21 million from a nationwide class action settlement with chemical manufacturers 3M and DuPont regarding PFAS in public drinking water systems. This significant settlement acknowledges the presence of PFAS in the regional water supply. Tampa Bay Water has been actively testing for PFAS since July 2023 and has reported levels “slightly above new federal standards” at three locations within its extensive system.
- St. Petersburg: Recent testing indicates that no PFAS compounds have been detected above federal minimum reporting limits in St. Petersburg’s water. The city is actively participating in the EPA’s UCMR5 testing program, evaluating 29 PFAS compounds. As St. Petersburg is part of the larger Tampa Bay water system, its water quality can be influenced by runoff and environmental contamination from surrounding areas.
- Clearwater: The City of Clearwater’s Public Utilities department reported meeting and exceeding all state and federal drinking water standards in 2024. Source water assessments conducted in 2023 identified 44 potential contaminant sources, ranging from low to moderate concern. While general water quality reports are available, specific PFAS data is not explicitly detailed in the provided summaries for Clearwater’s reports.
- Largo: Municipal water in Largo generally meets federal and state safety standards, but PFAS are listed as potential contaminants that can find their way into the water supply. Water filtration companies offer water quality reports for Largo, indicating PFAS as a concern for residents.
- Pinellas Park: Pinellas Park Utilities is participating in the EPA’s UCMR5 study and has reported “ND” (Non-Detect) for all 29 PFAS compounds tested at their distribution system’s entry point throughout all four quarters. However, the utility’s reports acknowledge that PFAS are widely detected in soil, water, air, and food, and can accumulate in the human body.
Well Water Concerns and Military/Industrial Sites:
The broader Tampa Bay Area, which includes Pinellas and Hillsborough counties, has identified PFAS contamination, particularly in water sources located near military facilities. Coast Guard Air Station Clearwater is listed among the military installations across the U.S. suspected of PFAS contamination due to the historical use of AFFF. These sites represent significant localized sources of PFAS that can impact surrounding groundwater and private wells. The Department of Defense (DoD) has acknowledged PFAS use or potential release at hundreds of installations nationwide and is conducting assessments and cleanup efforts. The presence of these military sites means that groundwater beneath nearby homes may still be contaminated, posing a continued risk of exposure for private well owners and potentially incurring additional expenses for filtration systems.
3.5. Hillsborough County: Water Quality and PFAS Concerns
Hillsborough County is home to major urban centers and numerous communities, including Tampa, Brandon, Plant City, Riverview, Lutz, Ruskin, Valrico, Wimauma, Temple Terrace, Seffner, Sun City Center, Keystone, Cheval, and Pebble Creek.
Municipal Water Status: Hillsborough County is committed to providing safe, high-quality drinking water that meets all regulatory standards. The county operates 11 community public water systems, each with its own water quality report. Hillsborough County Utilities is actively participating in the EPA’s UCMR5 program, with results to be posted as they become available.
- Tampa: The City of Tampa’s Water Department issues annual water quality reports detailing its source, treatment processes, and test results. The 2024 report indicates that Tampa has been monitoring for PFAS as part of UCMR5 requirements. Specific PFAS compounds detected in Tampa’s municipal water in January and May 2024 included PFBS (average 0.0037 ppb, range 0.0035-0.0038 ppb), PFHxA (average 0.0056 ppb, range 0.0051-0.0060 ppb), and PFPeA (average 0.0075 ppb, range 0.0070-0.0080 ppb). PFOS was reported as “ND” (Not Detected), with a range of ND-0.0044 ppb. Tampa Bay Water, which supplies water to Tampa and other member governments, has been testing for PFAS since July 2023 and has found levels “slightly above new federal standards” at three locations within its system, leading to a significant $21 million settlement from PFAS manufacturers to help fund future testing and treatment upgrades.
- Brandon: While Brandon’s municipal water generally meets federal and state safety standards, PFAS are listed as potential contaminants that can be found in the water supply. One specific utility in Brandon reported compliance with federal health-based drinking water standards for the latest quarter (April-June 2024) but noted detections of other contaminants like Arsenic (1.10 ppb, 275x EWG guideline), Haloacetic acids (HAA5) (36.9 ppb, 369x EWG guideline), Radium (0.60 pCi/L, 12x EWG guideline), and Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) (10.5 ppb, 70x EWG guideline). Hillsborough County Water – South Central, a water provider in Hillsborough County, detected PFOS at 5.4 ppt in samples collected on July 17, 2023. This level exceeds the EPA’s new MCL of 4 ppt for PFOS, although it is not enforceable until 2031.
- Plant City: The City of Plant City’s 2024 Annual Water Quality Report states that its drinking water meets all federal and state standards. The city draws groundwater from the Floridan Aquifer through deep wells and is interconnected with Lakeland’s water supply. Plant City is also monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants, including PFAS, as part of the UCMR program. While the report notes overall compliance, other reports indicate detections of various contaminants, including Bromodichloromethane (13.8 ppb, 230x EWG guideline), Chloroform (44.5 ppb, 111x EWG guideline), and Dibromoacetic acid (1.02 ppb, 34x EWG guideline).
- Temple Terrace: Recent tests revealed elevated levels of PFAS and PFOS in Temple Terrace’s drinking water, with PFOS levels nearly five times higher than the EPA’s recommended limit. The city is actively working with consultants to develop solutions, including reverse osmosis systems, and plans a public town hall to update residents.
Well Water Concerns and Military/Industrial Sites:
Hillsborough County has several potential sources of PFAS contamination that can impact private wells and groundwater. MacDill Air Force Base is identified as a military installation with PFAS contamination. A 2023 draft environmental assessment for MacDill AFB indicated 26 potential PFAS compounds in groundwater and soil above interim screening levels. The base’s ERP office requires all waste from construction projects to be sampled for PFAS until the investigation is complete. While tap water provided by MacDill Air Force Base complied with federal health-based drinking water standards for April-June 2024, other contaminants were detected above EWG health guidelines. The continued presence of PFAS in groundwater near military bases poses a risk to nearby well owners. Industrial discharges and stormwater runoff from urban areas, airports, and military bases where firefighting foams have been used are also significant contributors to PFAS in the Hillsborough River and other waterways. Leachate from landfills and biosolids applied to agricultural land further contribute to contamination. The Florida Department of Health regulates potable water systems in Hillsborough County and can provide information for private well testing.
4. Health Impacts of Long-Term PFAS Exposure
The scientific understanding of the health impacts associated with long-term exposure to PFAS, even at low levels, continues to evolve, but a growing body of epidemiological evidence consistently links these “forever chemicals” to a range of adverse health effects. The persistence of PFAS in the human body means that exposure accumulates over time, increasing the potential for harm.
Key health impacts identified through ongoing research and epidemiological studies include:
- Cancer: Exposure to specific PFAS compounds, particularly PFOA, has been consistently linked to an increased risk of kidney and testicular cancers. Recent studies have also found evidence tying PFAS, specifically perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (n-PFOS), to an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Some research also indicates potential links to pancreatic cancer and bladder cancer.
- Immune System Dysfunction: PFAS exposure has been associated with a weakened immune system, including a lower antibody response to some vaccines. This can make individuals more susceptible to infections and reduce the effectiveness of public health interventions like vaccination.
- Reproductive and Developmental Issues: Concerns exist regarding the impact of PFAS on reproduction and child development. Studies suggest associations with fertility issues, pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia, and small decreases in birth weight for infants. Animal studies have also indicated low birth weight, birth defects, delayed development, and newborn deaths, though human and animal reactions can differ.
- Endocrine Disruption: PFAS are recognized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), meaning they can interfere with the body’s hormonal systems. This disruption can manifest as abnormal levels of cholesterol and thyroid hormones.
- Liver Damage: Associations have been found between PFAS exposure and changes in liver enzymes, indicating potential harm to liver function.
- Other Health Concerns: Other reported associations include inflammation of the liver, ulcerative colitis (a severe digestive disorder that can increase the risk of colon cancer) , and potential impacts on the nervous system.
It is important to note that research into the full spectrum of PFAS toxicity is ongoing, and scientists are still learning about the health effects of exposures to mixtures of different PFAS compounds. However, the consistent findings across multiple studies and the bioaccumulative nature of these chemicals underscore the serious public health implications of long-term exposure, even at trace levels.
5. Challenges in Detection and Effective Mitigation
Why Standard Water Reports Fall Short
A significant challenge in addressing PFAS contamination is that standard municipal water quality reports often do not detect these compounds. Historically, there has been no federal mandate for public water systems to test for or filter out PFAS. This absence of a nationwide requirement meant that many public water systems were not equipped or obligated to monitor for these specific chemicals, leading to a lack of data in consumer confidence reports.
Even with the recent finalization of federal drinking water standards for six PFAS compounds in April 2024, with compliance required by 2031, there are inherent complexities. The new EPA enforceable limit for PFOA and PFOS is set at 4 parts per trillion (ppt), which is essentially the lowest level at which these chemicals can be reliably measured by current scientific equipment. Detecting such microscopic levels requires highly specialized laboratory methods, which are not part of routine, broad-spectrum water quality analyses. Furthermore, the development of drinking water standards involves not only health data but also considerations of cost-benefit analysis and technological feasibility for water utilities nationwide. This means that the legally enforceable standards may sometimes be less stringent than what health information alone might suggest, reflecting the immense financial and logistical challenges of widespread PFAS removal.
Advanced Testing Methods
Accurate detection of PFAS in water requires advanced laboratory methods specifically designed for these compounds. The EPA has developed, validated, and published several methods for the analysis of PFAS in drinking water, notably EPA Methods 533 and 537.1. These methods allow both government and private laboratories to effectively measure up to 29 different PFAS compounds in drinking water. Method 537.1, for instance, superseded Method 537 for most applications due to its enhanced capabilities.
These EPA-approved analytical methods are mandated for monitoring PFAS under the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR5) and the new PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR). They are characterized by their accuracy, precision, and robustness, having undergone multi-lab validation and peer review. These methods are capable of detecting PFAS in finished drinking water from both groundwater and surface water sources, even in challenging water matrices with high total dissolved solids. Beyond these EPA methods, other advanced techniques, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), are considered gold standards in routine PFAS testing and can even screen for a wider range of PFAS targets and identify unknown compounds.
Filtration Solutions and the Criticality of Immediate Action
For residents concerned about PFAS in their water, particularly those using private wells or living near industrial runoff zones, immediate testing and the implementation of certified mitigation strategies are paramount. Since federal regulations do not cover private wells, homeowners bear the responsibility for ensuring their water is safe.
Effective filtration systems are available to address PFAS contamination. The EPA recommends looking for filters certified by accredited bodies to “NSF/ANSI 53” or “NSF/ANSI 58” for PFAS reduction. It is important to note that while these certifications confirm PFAS reduction capabilities, they do not yet guarantee removal down to the EPA’s new, very low drinking water standards.
Proven technologies for PFAS removal include:
- Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) Absorption: This is a widely recommended and effective method for removing PFAS from water. GAC filters work by adsorbing PFAS compounds onto their porous surface.
- Ion Exchange Resins: These systems can effectively remove PFAS by exchanging ions in the water with ions on the resin beads.
- Reverse Osmosis (RO): RO systems are highly effective at removing a broad spectrum of contaminants, including PFAS, by forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane that blocks larger molecules and ions. Whole-home filtration systems, such as those certified to NSF/ANSI P473 and NSF/ANSI 53, are designed to remove PFOA/PFOS, lead, chlorine, and other contaminants, providing comprehensive protection at every tap.
The efficacy of any filtration system is contingent upon proper maintenance and timely replacement of cartridges according to manufacturer instructions. Failure to do so can compromise the system’s performance and increase the risk of exposure. Given the potential for unknowingly prolonged exposure to these dangerous chemicals, particularly for families living near industrial runoff zones or those using private wells, immediate testing and the implementation of certified mitigation strategies are not merely advisable but critical steps for safeguarding public health.
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
The pervasive presence of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the municipal and well water supplies of Polk, Pasco, Manatee, Pinellas, and Hillsborough counties in Florida represents a significant and evolving public health concern. These “forever chemicals,” due to their exceptional persistence and bioaccumulative properties, pose long-term risks, including various cancers, immune system dysfunction, and developmental issues. The historical lag in comprehensive regulation has allowed these compounds to become ubiquitous, creating a complex challenge for both public utilities and private citizens.
A critical finding is the distinct vulnerability of private well users, who are not covered by federal monitoring mandates, placing the onus of testing and mitigation squarely on homeowners.
This regulatory gap, coupled with the disproportionate impact on environmental justice communities often located near industrial sources, highlights a profound equity challenge in access to safe drinking water. While recent federal regulations and significant legal settlements are positive steps towards addressing the financial burden on public water systems, the full cost of remediation and the long-term health implications remain substantial.
Recommendations:
Prioritize Water Testing:
- For Private Well Owners: Residents relying on private wells in Polk, Pasco, Manatee, Pinellas, and Hillsborough counties should immediately seek specialized PFAS-specific water testing. The Florida Department of Health in each county can provide guidance on how to access testing services. This proactive step is crucial given the absence of federal oversight for private wells.
- For Municipal Water Users: While municipal systems are now undergoing UCMR5 monitoring, residents with concerns should review their local water utility’s annual water quality reports. If PFAS are detected, or if there is a desire for an added layer of protection, consider supplementary testing or filtration.
Implement Certified Filtration Systems:
- For any detected levels of PFAS, or for proactive protection, residents should consider installing NSF-certified whole-home filtration systems or point-of-use (e.g., under-sink) systems. Technologies such as granular activated carbon, ion exchange resins, and reverse osmosis are proven effective in removing PFAS.
- Crucially, ensure regular maintenance and timely replacement of filters as per manufacturer guidelines to maintain efficacy.
Advocate for Transparency and Remediation:
- Residents and community groups should engage with their local water utilities and county health departments, demanding full transparency regarding PFAS testing results and proposed remediation plans.
- Support initiatives that hold polluters accountable for contamination and ensure that remediation costs do not disproportionately burden ratepayers.
Support Policy Development:
- Encourage state and federal policymakers to accelerate the implementation of stricter PFAS regulations, particularly for private wells and industrial discharge limits.
- Advocate for funding mechanisms that support comprehensive site cleanups, especially at legacy industrial and military sites, to prevent ongoing environmental release.
Addressing the pervasive threat of PFAS requires a multi-faceted approach involving informed citizens, proactive utilities, robust regulatory frameworks, and a commitment to environmental justice.
Immediate action, coupled with long-term strategic planning, is essential to ensure safe, clean water for all residents of Florida’s Central Gulf Coast.
Sources:
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2021). Toxicological profile for perfluoroalkyls (PFASs). Retrieved from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp200.pdf
- City of Bartow. (2024). Annual water quality reports. Retrieved from https://www.cityofbartow.net/444/Annual-Water-Quality-Reports
- City of Lakeland. (2023). Annual water quality report for the calendar year 2023. Retrieved from https://www.lakelandgov.net/media/4988/2023-water-quality-report.pdf
- City of Palmetto. (2024). 2024 Water quality report. Retrieved from https://www.palmettofl.org/DocumentCenter/View/18792/2024-Water-Quality-Report
- City of Tampa. (2024). 2024 Water quality report. Retrieved from https://www.tampa.gov/water/water-quality/current-water-quality-report
- Environmental Working Group (EWG). (2024). EWG’s tap water database. Retrieved from https://www.ewg.org/tapwater/
- Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP). (2024). PFAS in Florida. Retrieved from https://floridadep.gov/waste/waste-cleanup/content/pfas-florida
- FOX 13 Tampa Bay. (2024, May 15). Temple Terrace water shows elevated levels of ‘forever chemicals,’ EPA warns. Retrieved from https://www.fox13news.com/news/temple-terrace-water-shows-elevated-levels-of-forever-chemicals-epa-warns
- Marin Barrett Law. (2024). Hillsborough County water contaminated with ‘forever chemicals’. Retrieved from https://www.marinbarrett.com/hillsborough-county-water-contaminated-with-forever-chemicals/
- Manatee County Utilities. (2024). 2024 Water quality report. Retrieved from https://www.mymanatee.org/departments/utilities/water_quality_information/2024_water_quality_report.pdf
- Mount Sinai. (2023). PFAS chemicals. Retrieved from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/pfas-chemicals
- Pasco County Utilities. (2023). Consumer confidence report. Retrieved from https://www.pascocountyfl.net/4034/Water-Quality-Reports
- Pinellas County. (2024). Consumer confidence report on water quality. Retrieved from https://pinellas.gov/consumer-confidence-reports/
- St. Pete Catalyst. (2024, May 10). Tampa Bay Water gets $14.5 million settlement for PFAS contamination. Retrieved from https://stpetecatalyst.com/tampa-bay-water-gets-14-5-million-settlement-for-pfas-contamination/
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2024). Drinking water PFAS health advisories. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/pfas/drinking-water-pfas-health-advisories
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2024). PFAS in tap water. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-tap-water
- WUSF Public Media. (2024, May 10). Tampa Bay Water gets $14.5 million settlement for PFAS contamination. Retrieved from https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/environment/2024-05-10/tampa-bay-water-gets-14-5-million-settlement-for-pfas-contamination
– Kevin, Owner of AOK Water Services
📞 Call Kristie or Kevin today at 727-709-0889
📩 Or contact us online.
